This lecture will define septic arthritis, it's causes, and the complications if left untreated. It will outline septic arthritis separate from other entities including osteomyelitis and transient synovitis, important clinical history and laboratory tests, clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging pathways. An example case study will be reviewed.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) represents the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood, encompassing a heterogeneous group of subtypes including oligoarticular, polyarticular, systemic, enthesitis-related, and psoriatic arthritis. Early, accurate assessment of inflammation can help guide treatment and improving long-term outcomes. Ultrasound has become an important tool in paediatric rheumatology, offering real-time, radiation-free visualisation of joints, tendons, and entheses with a sensitivity that often exceeds clinical examination.
This talk provides a practical approach to ultrasound evaluation in children with JIA. It will outline key sonographic features associated with active diseases including synovial hypertrophy, effusion, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, and Doppler signal indicating hyperaemia while emphasising how these findings differ from adult presentations. Particular focus will be placed on recognising age-specific normal variants, including physiologically thick articular cartilage, developmental irregularities at growth plates, and the presence of low-grade Doppler vascularity that may be normal in growing joints.
Scanning techniques tailored to paediatrics and important differential diagnoses such as joint infection and osteomyelitis will be discussed. By the end of the talk, attendees will be equipped with practical strategies to distinguish pathology from normal development and enhance the accuracy of their ultrasound assessment in paediatric rheumatology.

Abdominal Doppler studies are referred for in a variety of clinical settings, from chronic conditions to acute settings, with often variable imaging results, and poorly understood physiological mechanisms for changes seen. Today's discussion will present 3 case studies of different abdominal doppler studies alongside relevant clinical information to broaden our understanding of the waveforms in these settings.

This presentation explores two ultrasound cases of the abdominal aorta which demonstrated similar initial sonographic findings in two vastly different patients. The cases highlight the critical role of ultrasound in the early detection and characterisation of aortic pathology, as well as its correlation with other imaging modalities.
Each case focuses on key B mode and Doppler features, scanning technique, as well as their treatment journey, with discussion of how apparently similar imaging findings can lead to markedly different patient management pathways.
Through comparison of these cases, the session aims to reinforce a systematic approach to abdominal aortic assessment in the paediatric population while demonstrating how ultrasound findings can directly influence patient management, ranging from conservative surveillance to surgical intervention.